{"id":5800,"date":"2017-06-07T14:00:08","date_gmt":"2017-06-07T13:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mygale.de\/?p=5800"},"modified":"2018-12-28T17:35:54","modified_gmt":"2018-12-28T16:35:54","slug":"metal-halogen-biomaterials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/metal-halogen-biomaterials\/","title":{"rendered":"Metal-Halogen Biomaterials"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>
\nVentrally on the chelicerae are the fangs, these hollow hypodermic needle-like structures are what delivers the venom into prey or attackers. Shown here is the tip of a tarantula fang, including the single opening of the venom canal on the dorsal side around 700\u00b5m from the tip away. You can see the full chelicerae @2,9x here: flic.kr\/p\/T3Fyaf<\/a>, or on the anatomy poster linked below. As with hypodermic needles, scorpions and venomous snakes the venom canal never ends at the tip itself, but shortly before it. This prevents the venom canal from getting clogged and is mechanically more stable.<\/p>\n

Those multi-use injection needles must be sufficiently tough to withstand the initial impact of a rapid attack, while at the same time they need to be hard and stiff to be able to break the prey\u2019s protective cuticle. Shortly after the molt, they are white and vulnerable, tarantulas can\u2019t use them to eat or perform other tasks, it takes a couple days to harden the fangs. A juvenile Chromatopelma cyaneopubescens (Strand, 1907) after the molt: flic.kr\/p\/D5CEXT<\/a><\/p>\n

So what makes them strong enough to brake insect cuticle, which is essentially the same material? The spider takes advantage of a wide range of the available chemical and structural modifications in its cheliceral fangs. One of the secrets are the metals. The tarsal claws, chelicerae, stings and other tools of arthropods contain extraordinary amounts of heavy metals (e.g., zinc, manganese, copper) and halogens like bromine and chlorine. Those Metal\u2013halogen biomaterials are widely distributed, especially among arthropods. The functions of the enriched structures suggest that metal\u2013halogen biomaterials enhance mechanical properties. It is likely that they affect the behavior and ecology of the large fraction of arthropods in which they are found (Schofield, 2005). For example, leaf cutter ants may delay leaf cutting until zinc has hardened their mandibles (Schofield et al. 2002). The same effect may apply to tarantula fangs, as shown above. Other secrets of the strength are the chitin and its structure, the proteins and the water content (Politi et. al. 2012).<\/p>\n

Technical info:<\/b> 0.1 Acanthoscurria geniculata fang (chelicerae) – Sony Alpha 7RII + Cognisys StackShot + Nikon 10x MRL00102 @ ~10x Stacked from 156 images (8 \u00b5m steps), Helicon A + B. Ikea Jansj\u00f6, foam cup DIY diffuser + reflector, 9500px*5300.<\/p>\n

50 Megapixel<\/b>. Anatomy Poster: flic.kr\/p\/MBZTqH<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Robert M. S. Schofield; Metal\u2013Halogen Biomaterials. Am Entomol 2005; 51 (1): 45-47. doi: 10.1093\/ae\/51.1.45<\/p>\n

Schofield, R. M. S., M. H. Nesson, and K. A.Richardson. 2002. Tooth hardness increases with zinc-content in mandibles of young adult leaf-cutter ants. Naturwissenschaften 89: 579\u2013583.<\/p>\n

Politi, Yael, et al. “A spider’s fang: How to design an injection needle using chitin\u2010based composite material.” Advanced Functional Materials 22.12 (2012): 2519-2528.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ventrally on the chelicerae are the fangs, these hollow hypodermic needle-like structures are what delivers the venom into prey or attackers. Shown here is the tip of a tarantula fang, including the single opening of the venom canal on the dorsal side around 700\u00b5m from the tip away. You can see the full chelicerae @2,9x […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[179],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-macro"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Chelicere-A.geniculata-10x-7.6.17-Kopie.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9pNab-1vy","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5800","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5800"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5800\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6400,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5800\/revisions\/6400"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5800"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5800"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mygale.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5800"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}